A client on hemodialysis arrives for their scheduled session and reports feeling "bloated" and short of breath since their last treatment two days ago. The nurse notes crackles in the lung bases and 2+ pitting edema in the lower extremities. Which explanation best describes why these findings are expected in a client who relies on hemodialysis?
- Hemodialysis removes too much sodium during each session, causing osmotic fluid shifts into the tissues.
- The dialysis membrane destroys red blood cells, reducing oncotic pressure and causing fluid to leak into tissues.
- Dialysis sessions stimulate the renin-angiotensin system, which triggers excessive fluid reabsorption in the lungs.
- The kidneys are unable to regulate fluid volume between dialysis sessions, leading to fluid accumulation in the body.