An 82-year-old patient is admitted to the medical-surgical unit following a hip repair. During the skin assessment, the nurse notices the patient has developed a reddened, non-blanchable area over the sacrum. The patient has been on bed rest for the past 48 hours. Which factor best explains why older adults are at higher risk for developing pressure injuries compared to younger adults?
- Overhydration of skin cells causing breakdown of the epidermal barrier
- Impaired circulation and decreased collagen formation leading to reduced elasticity and pressure tolerance
- Accelerated epidermal cell maturation causing excessive skin shedding
- Increased production of collagen leading to thicker, more rigid skin